A Question of Opioid Diversion

SUMMARY

A 60-year-old female patient with a history of chronic pain and headache presented to the Pain Management Clinic for follow-up assessment of her prescribed medications, as well as to determine the patient’s suitability for enrollment in the medical cannabis program.

STUDENT DISCUSSION

Mark A. Cervinski^1* and Paul J. Jannetto²

¹Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH and The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH; ²Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
* Address correspondence to this author at: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756. Fax +603-650-4845; e-mail mark.a.cervinski@hitchcock.org

Case Description

A 60-year-old female patient with a history of chronic pain and headache presented to the Pain Management Clinic for follow-up assessment of her prescribed medications, as well as to determine the patient’s suitability for enrollment in the medical cannabis program. The patient’s chronic pain and headache were secondary to traumatic brain injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident approximately 2 years before her appointment. The patient also was afflicted by chronic pain in her right arm due to nerve damage associated with surgery for de Quervain tendonitis. Following the motor vehicle accident, the patient had been evaluated at a multidisciplinary traumatic brain injury clinic and had been prescribed Tylenol #4 (acetaminophen 300 mg/codeine 60 mg) up to a maximum of 4 times daily for pain, and lorazepam (1 mg every 8 h as needed) for anxiety and insomnia.

The high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry results were more complex and demonstrated the presence of codeine, codeine-6-β-glucuronide, morphine, and morphine-6-β-glucuronide, which were consistent with the use of codeine (Table 1) (1, 2). However, the analysis also unexpectedly revealed the presence of hydrocodone, norhydrocodone, dihydrocodeine, and hydromorphone-3-β-glucuronide (Table 1).

References

1. Snyder ML, Melanson SE. Drug addiction or false conviction? Clin Chem 2014;60: 1480 –3.
2. Reisfield GM, Chronister CW, Goldberger BA, Bertholf RL. Unexpected urine drug testing results in a hospice patient on high-dose morphine therapy. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1765– 8.

Questions to Consider

• What are the metabolic pathways and products associated with the metabolism of codeine?
• Can manufacturing impurities of codeine play a role in of the interpretation of these test results?
• What additional testing would be helpful to discern between compliance with the prescribed codeine and undisclosed use of additional opioids?
• Are all the results of the initial testing consistent with the prescribed medications?

Final Publication and Comments

The final published version with discussion and comments from the experts appears in the February 2019 issue of Clinical Chemistry, approximately 3-4 weeks after the Student Discussion is posted.